Archeologist of all stripes – Biblical, secular and otherwise – affirm that the ancient city of Jericho has walls that did indeed come a-tumbling down. They even affirm that the walls tumbled outwards instead of inwards – not at all what you’d expect for a city under siege. You can see the 9-acre archaeological site by punching in “31.870037, 35.443788” in Google Earth or Google Maps. Not too shabby for the world’s oldest continually-inhabited city.
But wait – there’s more!
We know Joshua’s army was somewhere between 200,000 and 600,000 men. But what was Jericho’s population?
Item 1: Archaeologists will tell you that the population of an ancient fortified city (like Jericho) is about 100 people per acre. Since the walled city of Jericho encompasses 9 acres, that would put the population around 900 people.
Item 2: Archaeologists will also tell you that when a region is under siege, farmers and residents in outlying villages will hunker down in the fortified city of their region (ie, Jericho). Under these situations, the population effectively doubles to about 200 people per acre. We’re now up to ~1800 for Jericho. In keeping with this assessment, Answers In Genesis’s article on Jericho puts the number somewhere around “several thousand”.
Which makes me say “hmmmmmmmm.” Something’s not adding up.
Consider:
- Numbers 1:46 puts the war-capable population of the Israelites at 603,550. Pretty decent sized army, I would think. That was before their 40-yr wilderness wandering.
- The 10 spies convinced these 600,000+ men (and the rest of the Israelites) that they couldn’t conquer the land overflowing with milk and honey (and large fruit) because of their well-fortified cities and the giants in the land (Num 13:28). One wonders why they didn’t think their huge army couldn’t get the job done. Must’ve been some impressive enemies.
- After refusing to go into the land, God sent them wandering for 40 years. After the 40-yr wandering, the number of 20+yr old men “capable of war” was 601,730. (Num 26:51) Still quite a number of people.
- The Israelites repeatedly whined about how the Canaanites had cities “fortified up to heaven” (I guess that’s ancient-speak for “fortified out the wazoo”). They also complained how the Canaanites were “greater and taller than we” (Deut 1:28; Josh 14:8; Deut 9:1-2). Another testament to the impressive enemies of the land.
- When Rahab freaks out about Joshua’s on-coming army, she doesn’t cite their impressive size dwarfing her city. Instead, she talks about how the Lord of heaven and earth was on their side, drying up the Red Sea and demolishing their enemies Og and Sihon. (Josh 2:9-11) One wonders why she never bothers to mention their impressive size. One might assume she wasn’t terribly impressed with the size of the Israelite army (which would jive with the complaint of the 10 spies who were afraid of the Canaanites).
- When Joshua & Co finish dusting up Jericho and go to attack Ai, they initially send only 3,000 men because it was smaller and less populous than Jericho. (Josh 7:3-4)
- On their 2nd attempt to subdue the city (thanks to Achan), they send 30,000 men to conquer the 12,000 citizens of Ai (that number doesn’t take the children into consideration). (Josh 8:3; 25)
So…
If ittty bitty Ai had 12,000 citizens, how is it that Jericho had only 2,000??
Surely Jericho had upwards of 20,000. Or more!
And how did all 20,000 get cramped into 9 acres?
Methinks some archaeologists might need to rethink this one.
Of course it doesn’t add up, because there is a widespread English mis-translation in the Old Testament. The Hebrew word Eleph is invariably translated as 1000, which is nonsense. Both internal Biblical text, and external evidence (history, archeology, and common sense)makes it clear that eleph must be translated as a much smaller number. That number is nowhere specified, but may be described as ‘a company’, or extended family, or sub-clan, or a comparable grouping.
Recognize this, and something like 120 OT inconsistencies, from Exodus to Judges (and possibly 1 & 2 Samuuel) suddenly make sense!
PS, I suspect that the mis-translation arises from a common etymological fallacy, that words retain their exact same meaning over time – which, of course, they don’t, and especially not when the time-span of more than 12 centuries!
Hi Gordon.
Thanks so much for your feedback!
You’re correct that the word “eleph” has an interesting history and broad semantic range. And yes, some scholars debate, as you suggest, that it doesn’t mean “1,000”, but rather, something between 5 and 14.
But even if we were to adjust the number downward to, say 10, I don’t think it neatly resolves the issues at hand.
Let’s start with the translation:
– The word ‘eleph’ is frequently used as both a ordinal and cardinal, and would make no sense if ‘eleph’ was a value less than 100. Phrases like “…commanders of thousands [eleph], hundreds, fifties, and tens” and “..of the thousand [eleph] seven hundred seventy and five shekels he made hooks for the pillars” can be found in many passages (Here are a few: Exod 18:21, 25, Exod 38:28, Deut 1:15, 1 Sam 8:12). These verses pretty much necessitate that we conclude Moses uses ‘eleph’ to mean more than 100. (Does anyone believe Moses really said “commanders of tens[eleph] and hundreds[meah] and fifties[chamishshiym] and tens[eser]”?)
– Hebrew scholars living before the time of Christ translated their Hebrew Bible into Greek. If anyone would know what ‘eleph’ meant, it should be them, as the language was still in wide use, and their scriptures were cherished. They translated Exod 12:37 as “ραμεσση εις σοκχωθα εις εξακοσιας χιλιαδας πεζων οι ανδρες πλην της αποσκευης”, which in English, is 600,000 men of fighting age. Other similar passages were translated to mean ‘thousand’.
Now let’s look at logistics:
– I mentioned the city of Ai and their “12,000” occupants (Josh 8:25). The same word, ‘eleph’, is used to describe the “3,000” Israelites who went to attack Ai. Let’s test the “10” rendering for ‘eleph’ and see what happens: 30 Israelites attack a fortified city of 120 people ..and 36 Israelites died in the battle?? (Josh 7:5). How do you get more casualties than soldiers?
And one wonders: why would people bother to build elaborate fortifications around a town that protects 120 people? (Remember that archaeologists claim Jericho sheltered close to 2,000 people – almost 20x more). I’m not an expert in Bronze age archaeology, but I suspect peoplegroups didn’t bother to build massive fortifications until their numbers were considerably higher.
As you can see, a simplistic reduction of the number ‘eleph’ to anything less than 100 causes far more problems than it attempts to solve.
Here’s an article from a scholarly site on archeology that deals with that question:
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/04/16/The-Number-of-Israelites-in-the-Exodus.aspx#Article
And here’s an article from a Jewish site dealing with the same question (various interpretations of ‘eleph’ are presented):
https://thetorah.com/recounting-the-census-a-military-force-of-5500/
Thanks!
The site of ancient Jericho is more of a fort than a city. Being that the occupiable area is 9-acres, we know that encompasses 43,560 square feet. If we allow for a 100 square feet per person, then 43,560 / 100 = 435.6 x 9 = 3,920 people or rather solders. That answers the question of several thousand. I would think the civilians in the immediate area, mainly women and children, would run to outlying areas away from the fighting.
Thanks, Robert. You’re right – It’s definitely worth pointing out that Jericho was a fort. In fact, it was one of the ‘anchor’ forts for the Southeast Canaan region back in it’s day. That’s a main reason why Joshua took it out first before tending to the smaller cities in the Southern Canaanite region. However, as your math shows, even 4,000 people in Jericho is a lot lower than the 12,000 people (men and women, but apparently not children) in the “smaller” city of Ai. Everything in the Bible points to the war-time population of Jericho being much larger than 12,000. I’m thinking the archeologists need to rework their numbers accordingly. Or posit that Jericho was larger than 9 acres.
As for women and children during wartime – there are several places where we see them taking shelter in fortified cities. One such place is Lam 2:20, we have mothers and children in Jerusalem while Nebuchadnezzar’s army has them under siege. Granted – we’re not told whether they’re residents in Jerusalem or farmers from outlying small villages who ran to Jerusalem for safety. But I’m betting one thing is true: people run where ever they think it’s safest, be it wilderness or fortified city. And different people have different ideas about what is ‘safest’.
Good thoughts. Thanks.
Thanks for the article. What you say about Jericho is true.
why would Jericho even have a king if there are only 900 people in the city?
And Joshua was obviously fearful of the coming battles, which was why God had to encourage him to be strong and of a good courage. Why would Joshua be fearful of a city with at most 3000 inhabitants when his own army numbered 600,000?
It certainly does not make sense. Ancient Jericho must have been much bigger than what archaeologists today beleive.
When we realize that the seven giant tribes in the Levant were the ones God commanded destroyed, the Joshua Wars make a lot more sense.
I don’t lean that way.
The fuller context of that view assumes that these giants survived the flood. But if the purpose of the flood was to destroy the Nephilim, then that position presupposes that God failed in His task. For me, that’s a bridge too far.
It makes more sense that the Israelites were trembling in fear, and called them “Nephilim” out of fear, not historical accuracy.
Also, it’s a much better and Biblically consistent position to understand that all humans everywhere stand condemned in sin. God has the right to judge any of us at any moment, whether or not we’re sacrificing children to idols.
Thanks.
tim, the bible says that the Nephilim did in fact survive the flood. Both of the following passages speak to that fact:
Genesis 6:4
“The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—AND ALSO AFTERWARDS—when the sons of God went in to the daughters of humans, who bore children to them. These were the heroes that were of old, warriors of renown”.
Numbers 13:32–33
“So they brought to the Israelites an unfavorable report of the land that they had spied out, saying, “The land that we have gone through as spies is a land that devours its inhabitants; and all the people that we saw in it are of great size. THERE WE SAW THE NEPHILIM (the Anakites come from the Nephilim); and to ourselves we seemed like grasshoppers, and so we seemed to them”.
To say the purpose of the flood was to destroy the Nephilim is an interesting theory, but in the end it’s conjecture and not supported by the biblical text.
Hi Timothy – thanks so much for the response.
As you might imagine, I’m well aware that Numbers mentions Nephilim.
Before we start, I need to point out some grammar: Technically, the Bible doesn’t say the Nephilim *survived* the flood. It merely says they were on the earth “in those days and also afterward”. You assume “also afterward” means “also after the flood”. But since the flood is not explicitly stated, there’s no need to assume that’s the only interpretation. Moses could have simply meant that they lasted more than one or two generations.
A greater problem is this: the Noah story explicitly says that
[+] I am going to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy all life under the heavens, every creature that has the breath of life in it. Everything on earth will perish. (Gen 6:17)
..followed by…
[+] The waters rose and covered the mountains to a depth of more than twenty feet. Every living thing that moved on the earth perished–birds, livestock, wild animals, all the creatures that swarm over the earth, and all mankind. Everything on dry land that had the breath of life in its nostrils died. Every living thing on the face of the earth was wiped out; men and animals and the creatures that move along the ground and the birds of the air were wiped from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those with him in the ark. (Gen 7:20-23)
The flood was so massive that every breathing thing (“all life”, including the birds) died. How could that not also include the Nephilim??
I would propose several possible ways to deal with the “Nephilim” in Numbers:
1 – The Nephilim didn’t breathe air. They were sea creatures or, like Superman, didn’t require air at all, therefore didn’t die in the flood.
2 – The flood was local, not global (huge problems there!), and unlike the humans, beasts of the field, and birds of the air, the Nephilim knew to run away from the flood and come back later
3 – Since the Nephilim were angelic, they had the ability to leave earth altogether. They hung out in space or at some other celestial body until the flood was complete and then came back.
4 – The Israelites in Joshua’s day were wimps, calling regular human giants ‘nephlim’ so as to get the rest of the Israelites to wimp out too
5 – The Nephilim of Numbers was a 2nd round of fallen angels, since the first were destroyed in the flood.
Since God said He was going to destroy “all life under the heavens” and “everything will perish”, I’m hard pressed to see how anything but the last two options comport with Scripture. I suppose #3 is possible, but I’ve never heard anyone offer that, and I would be suspicious of anyone who did.
There’s not any corroborating evidence in the Bible that #5 is true.
That leaves me with Option #4 as the best explanation.
Thanks.